To the editor of Providence Magazine
Dear Sir:
As a historian and biographer of the abolitionist John Brown with my own roots in the evangelical and Reformed tradition, I was appreciative of Shiv Parihar’s essentially positive consideration of Brown in the context of the current debate over Christian nationalism. In his thoughtful piece, Parihar drew extensively from my work in making his argument that the abolitionist was a Christian Nationalist. His portrayal of John Brown is key to his conclusion that “‘Christian Nationalism’ in the 19th century was an animating force in the demise of slavery.”
However, although Parihar’s appreciation and use of the John Brown story is a positive change in his treatment by writers, I find myself in the unfortunate position of having to disagree with him. Furthermore, I am placed in the position of pointing out that Parihar’s use of the sources as quoted in my work is significantly flawed. I have rarely been so regretful about writing in disagreement with an author, but Parihar’s use of my work, as represented, is both incorrect and does not affirm his conclusions.
Let me preface my remarks by pointing out that my work on Brown has been a project of more than twenty-five years, and my extended research and reflections have often led me to oppose conventional readings of the abolitionist, both from the right and the left. Often the conservative reaction against Brown is dismissive of his evangelicalism and more accusatory than insightful and often based on biased assessments of older writers and historians. On the other hand, Brown has often been subjected to the reductionism of the Left, which has rendered him as a revolutionary figure. Neither side has sufficiently explored primary source material but instead has concentrated on interpretations of Brown suited to their respective ideological commitments. My work has involved appreciating how Brown’s Christian faith directly informed and shaped his antislavery actions such that he was far more in the tradition of the Protestant Reformation and might therefore be considered a radical reformer rather than a revolutionary figure.
Typically, the reaction against presenting Brown as an evangelical reformer pertains to his radical actions in the Kansas territory and Harper’s Ferry, Va. (today West Va.) in 1856 and 1859. I will not attempt to provide a contextualized and documented response in Brown’s defense in this case, but I have done so in my several publications, most notably in my extensive treatment of his last days, Freedom’s Dawn (Rowman & Littlefield, 2015). Certainly, I disagree with the conventional and often hackneyed treatment of Brown as a murderous fanatic and ne’er-do-well misanthrope which emerged from the post-Reconstruction period and the Lost Cause tradition, lasting well into the mid-to-late twentieth century. Thankfully, Parihar draws from the corrective biographical work that biographers like David S. Reynolds and I have done in the twenty-first century.
Nevertheless, Parihar grounds his arguments in large part on two documents that are cited in my work, unfortunately misconstruing both. First, he misinterprets a letter from John Brown to his pious father, Owen, written on December 2, 1847 (which Parihar erroneously attributes to Lucien Brown, his younger half-brother). His misrepresentation is not insignificant because he directly associates Brown’s words concerning Christ being “the end of the law” as pertaining to his violation of the law of the land in opposing slavery. To the contrary, in this letter, Brown was literally quoting Romans 10:4 in expressing confidence that his dying, half-brother, Lucien, would finish life in faith and obedience to the Lord. The full quotation from which Parihar samples thus follows:
. . . but we hope that a life still lengthened, may not all be misspent; & that the little duty to God, & mankind it may yet be in his power to do, may be done with his might; & that the Lord Jesus Christ will be the end of the law for righteousness, for that which must be left undone. This is the only hope for us; Bankrupts, as we may see at once; if we will but look at our account. (Sanborn, Life and Letters of John Brown, 23-24)
In the following paragraph, Parihar makes an even worse error by attributing the words of another correspondent to Brown. In this case, Brown was in jail awaiting the day of execution, and among the many letters he received was an encouraging note from a leading Reformed Presbyterian clergyman, the Reverend Alexander M. Milligan, a Scottish member of the Covenanter denomination. In Milligan’s letter, dated November 23, 1859, the clergyman expressed the Covenanter position, complaining that the United States had never submitted itself to the kingship of Jesus Christ, neither paying “regard to the requirements of His law” nor mentioning “his name even in the inauguration oath of its chief magistrate.” Unfortunately, to buttress his argument that Brown was a Christian Nationalist, Parihar attributes Milligan’s words to Brown. To the contrary, while Brown doubtless admired the strident abolitionism of the Covenanter sect and their commitment to the gospel, he never advocated such sentiments. Brown’s letter in response, dated November 29, is warm and appreciative but brief, because he had many letters to answer before his execution in barely three days’ time. Certainly, he makes no such remarks in any of his letters that might be construed in favor of Parihar’s thesis. (Milligan’s letter to Brown is found in James Redpath, Echoes from Harper’s Ferry [1860], 395; Brown’s response is found in Sanborn, Life and Letters, 610. The original letter from Brown is held in the collection of the Macartney Library of Geneva College.)
At best, Parihar’s misuse of these sources quite undermines the argument that Brown was a Christian Nationalist. At worst, his general argument, that Christian Nationalism was a force for good in the history of the United States, is undermined by these significant errors. Certainly, John Brown bears no resemblance to the most extreme expressions of Christian Nationalism today, which Mark Tooley has observed as advancing some form of theonomy or “Reformed Establishmentarianism.” In his own day, Brown did not join the abolitionist movement in part because it was often overrun by heterodox theological novelties; he was much closer to the Covenanters in his view of Scripture and the gospel. But he makes no argument for the overt Christianization of the government of the United States. He was plainly satisfied with the political structure handed down from the founders, except for slavery, which he contended was a great evil.
If there were Christian Nationalists in Brown’s time, arguably they were among the proslavery (and soon secessionist) clergy, or that ilk of leftover apologists of the slavocracy like Robert L. Dabney. However, Brown himself sought only the reform of the nation and the necessary elimination of slavery, nowhere arguing for anything resembling Christian Nationalism. As a patriot and Christian, Brown would doubtless have praised the constitutional amendments that followed the Civil War; but essential to his own antebellum vision was that the United States must quite literally adhere to the foundational claims of the Declaration of Independence. As an activist, he worked closely with people of different religious outlooks while retaining a rigorous commitment to his own Reformed and evangelical convictions. This aspect of his thinking was never more explicit than in his prison letters—which are far more concerned with his children’s conversion to Christ and adherence to Scripture than even to the slavery question. It would take a much longer essay to illustrate Brown’s temperament, optimism, and grounded trust in the Scriptures and the Providence of God. But thankfully, one need not look further than Tooley’s helpful conclusion about Christian Realism to find an adequate description of the thinking of John Brown the abolitionist, for it suits him quite well:
Christian Realism works to harmonize and reform society through mediating rival interests and leaning into Providence, whose works we know aren’t always visible to the human eye. It’s less theatrical than the polarities of our present times. But it is more attuned to human nature, patient about human affairs, and trusting in God’s purposes. (Mark Tooley, “Christian Realism vs Christian Nationalism,” Providence [Sept. 8, 2022].
Parihar is quite incorrect: John Brown was no Christian Nationalist. He was a Christian Realist.